To: history
From: Dean Esmay 
Subject: CM> Captain Crunch and Phone Phreaking
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Bcc: 
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Sender: Dean Esmay 
Subject: Captain Crunch and Phone Phreaking


>All this talk of "Phone Phreaking" has reminded me of stories back in the
>late '60's, early '70's, of people who could fake out the phone company
>billing system on long distance calls by playing the appropriate tones that
>the phone company used for billing on an Oscar Meyer Wiener Whistle.  Has
>anyone heard of this, or was I just being set up?


There was never an Oscar Meyer Weiner whistle that I can recall, but there
was a Captain Crunch whistle.

What happened here is that in the late '60s or early '70s (I can't recall
exactly when), someone discovered that a cheap toy whistle given away as a
little prize in boxes of Captain Crunch breakfast cereal in America would
blow at a tone of just about exactly 2600 hz.  Thus you could blow the
whistle into the phone, trick the phone company into thinking you'd hung
up, and start dialing and playing all kinds of other things without being
billed.

This was totally on accident of course.  The Captain Crunch people, and
whoever actually made the whistles, did not intentionally create such a
whistle.  It just happened that that was the frequency the whistle created
when blown.

On the old phone system, everything was controlled by simple tones.  2600
hz was the tone your phone sent to the system whenever you hung up.  Thus,
if you generated that tone without hanging up, you were effectively on the
system without anyone knowing it.  You could make free phone calls to
anywhere, and if you had a way of generating other tones, you could do even
more to play with the system.


The Captain Crunch whistle was very limited; other much more sophisticated
tone generators were used by many phreakers.  I even read at one time about
a blind gentleman with perfect pitch who could blow 2600 and all kinds of
other tones just by whistling--which may sound like a legend, but is
actually QUITE believable.  The old phone system did EVERYTHING with just a
few simple tones, and none of them were difficult to duplicate.

The whistle was more of an item of amusement for the "phreaking" community
than anything else I think.

By the way, all of this is more or less irrelevent now; most of the world
is now on electronic, digital switching, and those old tones don't do
anything anymore.

I shouldn't be considered a 'primary source' on any of this, though for a
while there I did used to do a lot of phreaking, back when I was under 18.
But that was in the '80s, and near the end of the big era of pirating phone
usage.  But I did read a whole lot of the underground literature of that
day, and did do some playing myself...


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dean Esmay, esmay@syndicomm.com                         (313) 359-1704
Syndicomm Inc. Online Management             http://www.syndicomm.com/
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com) 
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
To: history
From: "John K. Taber" 
Subject: CM> Claude Shannon.
Cc: 
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Sender: "John K. Taber" 
Subject: Re: CM> Claude Shannon.

At 02:53 PM 6/19/96 -0700, Robert L. Brueck wrote:

>In answer to the question of Andrew Curry concerning the early work of Claude
>Shannon.
>
[snipped Shannon references]

A few of us have a hobby interest in cryptanalysis. Still one of the most
important papers in cryptography is Shannon's "Communications Theory of
Secrecy Systems" in _The Bell System Technical Journal_, Oct 1949. 

Don't forget this one. 
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com) 
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
To: history
From: "Michael J. Lavery" 
Subject: CM> ASCII art
Cc: 
Bcc: 
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Sender: "Michael J. Lavery" 
Subject: Re: CM> ASCII art

At 3:37 AM -0700 6/19/96, regarding  "CM> ASCII art" Craig A Summerhill wrote:


 >  Personally, I remember seeing some of these types of ASCII
 > images printed on greenbar in the early to mid-70s.  I always suspected
 > their existence came into being about the same time that full-time
 > console operators became common (people with too much time, and too little
 > to do between 00:00 and 06:00).  B^)

        I suggest that it is far earlier than that regarding both ASCII art
and full-time console operators. I have recollections of such at the time
of my first involvement with computers - summer 1964. The art originals
were designed using Hollerith cards.

- - - - - - - - - -
 Michael J. Lavery, Esq.         "As private parts to the Gods,
                                   are we, they play with us for
                                   their sport."
 America Online:  EMJAY2                       Lord Melchett
 Domain:  emjay@dorsai.org                  Black Adder II  - Chains
 GayCom: (THE BACKROOM) - GAY.LAW@tbr.com                :-?
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com) 
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
To: history
From: rab@well.com (Bob Bickford)
Subject: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art
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Sender: rab@well.com (Bob Bickford)
Subject: Re: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art

In response to a discussion of overstruck ASCII art:

While I was attending the University of the Pacific in Stockton, CA
between Sept. 1976 and Jan. 1978 (I dropped out -- long story), at
one point the computer department staff and TAs came across an unknown
file on a tape that was named something intriguing.  I don't recall
what the name was, so I'll just call it PICTURE.

Thinking that PICTURE might be some hitherto unknown ASCII art, they
got into an argument about printing it.  The size was much too large
for anything they were aware of, and for some reason there was some
concern about whether or not it might be erotic or even pornographic.
I missed some of the discussion while playing a game of Star Trek, but
when I began paying attention again they'd decided to print it out since
it was now late enough that not too many people would wander by.

What came out was an amazingly stretched-out version of the Mona Lisa!
(So much for the odd notion about the content.)  After a bit of fiddling
about, one of the TAs establishing that the file was meant to be printed
with an eight-times overstrike!  Nobody had ever heard of such a thing,
but it quite clearly produced a correct picture.

I've often wondered who would go to such trouble, and how in the world
they ever produced the file.  I'd guess that the file did *not* originate
at UOP, by-the-way.

--
Bob Bickford                       rab@well.com
Compiler & WebMaster, A Liberty Library
http://www.well.com/conf/liberty/home.html
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com) 
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
To: history
From: noah@pathfinder.com (Noah Robischon)
Subject: CM> "Oscar Meyer Wiener Whistle" and Phone Phreaking
Cc: 
Bcc: 
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Sender: noah@pathfinder.com (Noah Robischon)
Subject: Re: "Oscar Meyer Wiener Whistle" and Phone Phreaking

I had always heard it was a Captain Crunch whistle and that there was a
famous phreaker/hacker who took his name from it.

Maybe someone on the cypherpunks list would know.

Noah
Noah Robischon
The Netly News
http://netlynews.com
212.522.5876

[Moderator's Note: Cap'n Crunch was living in Florida in the Fall of 1994 when I spoke with him.  His current pseudonym is Richard Cheshire.  If anyone out there knows Cap'n crunch personally and wants to share some stories, please do.]
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com) 
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 23:09:02 -0700
Reply-To: cpsr-history@Sunnyside.COM
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Moderator: List Status
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Today is Monday, June 24 and for the last week this list has not been
functioning properly.  I am told it now is, and this message will recap
what happened and point you to the on-line archive of Community Memory
posts, if you missed them.

Starting around June 17 the listserver software in California mysteriously
started deleting subscribers.  By last Wednesday I realized there was a
problem, as the number of subscribers had dropped by 50%, or about 500
people.  It took three days to bring the list back up, which required
loading a backup of the subscriber list.  Unfortunately, some of you who
did legitimately unsubscribe may have been reloaded off the backup.  My
apologies for this; you can unsubscribe by sending a message to
listserv@cpsr.org reading "unsubscribe cpsr-history."

No messages have been posted to the list since June 19.  This message, and
those that follow, are the first wave of backlogged messages.  Since there
is a 50% chance you did not get last week's messages (up through June 19),
you can read them by visiting:

http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html

In the future I will continue to upload posts several times a week to this
location.  In general, if you do not receive any messages from this list
over a single 48 hour period, please contact me.

I apologize for what happened, and hope that we can quickly return to the
discussion of the history of cyberspace.

Thank you.

best,
db
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 23:16:42 -0700
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From: "christopher f. chiesa" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art
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Sender: "christopher f. chiesa" 
Subject: Re: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art


I hope this reaches the list; I've been having a certain amount of "fun"
figuring out HOW to post here.


Thanks, Ed (Barkmeyer; edbark@cme.nist.gov), for clearing up a mystery
that has bugged me since I was an elementary-school child!

The high school in my district ran an IBM 1130 for at least the eight
years 1973-1982; I know this because I used the computer myself in high
school courses in '81, and they had it at least another year after that,
and because I remember seeing the SAME computer during TOURS of the high
school as far back as the fifth grade.  And up on the wall for ALL of
those years, were ASCII line-printed "photographs" of Star Trek's Captain
Kirk and Mr. Spock.  They were literally photo-realistic, if you stood
back far enough, and I was mightily impressed, as a fifth-grader, that this
was possible!  It was pretty obvious how they achieved the effect of
variable density by using different characters (though I wouldn't have
been able to phrase it that way at the time), but the thing that has
ALWAYS mystified me was, HOW did they select just the right character for
each of the thousands of print positions on the page?

As a child, I naively thought someone sat down and did it by trial-and-
error: "let's fill the page with A's (or whatever)... okay, now it needs
to be darkened HERE -- change all the A's to M's (say) in this area...
Okay, now lighten it over THERE..."  Of course, that'd be a pretty God-
awful way of producing something PHOTOREALISTIC, but that was all I could
think of.  :-)  Much later -- after I got into college and started working
with computers, say around 1985 or so! -- it became evident that some sort
of scanner must surely have been used, but I couldn't quite believe that a
scanner "that good" could have existed in those "olden days!" :-)

However, now that I read that Prof. Rosenfeld had a scanner working as
long ago :-) as 1964 (when I was one year old, heheh), it's no longer a
mystery as to how scanned photos could have been printed as "early" as
1973!  In fact, since Star Trek was at the height of its prime-time run
around 1966, it seems possible, perhaps even likely, that Prof. Rosenfeld
or his students might even have made the original scans of the Kirk and
Spock pictures!  Who knows?

On a related note, about eight years ago I somehow acquired a set of files
containing a VERY large ASCII-rendered "photograph" of -- again -- Mr. Spock,
this time holding a model of the Starship Enterprise.  This picture was
originally formatted as single, very long (over 400 characters, I believe)
lines containing three line-printer-width "overstrike passes" in FORTRAN
carriage-control format.  It's been years since I had access to a line
printer, so I painstakingly reformatted the whole thing to be printable on
an 8.5" x 11" "plain text" printer.  When printed, it ran to about 30 pages,
give or take a few; I cut off the white margins from each page, then lined
'em up and taped 'em together!  I wound up with a large (about 5' square)
"photo" of Mr. Spock and the Enterprise, which thereafter hung on the wall
in my bedroom for a couple of years.  Don't ask me where that file is today,
though. :-(

On another two occasions, I separately acquired a "GIF image-decoding
engine" that permits the user to attach his own output routines, and a
table of 64 printable ASCII characters in order of print "density."  I
was able to combine these into a crude but serviceable "GIF-to-ASCII"
image converter.  I had fun with a couple of scans of my own lovable
visage.  The only trouble was that contrast was relatively low, making
the picture difficult to see.  I'd be interested in obtaining a table of
64 or more _overstruck_ ASCII combinations in order of density...  Any-
one (Ed?) know whether the results of Prof. Rosenfeld's student's inves-
tigations in that area, are available anywhere?

Chris Chiesa
  lvt-cfc@cyber1.servtech.com
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 23:20:54 -0700
Reply-To: cpsr-history@Sunnyside.COM
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: rab@well.com (Bob Bickford)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Captain Crunch and Phone Phreaking
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Sender: rab@well.com (Bob Bickford)
Subject: Re: CM> Captain Crunch and Phone Phreaking


In response to some comments about the Captain Crunch whistle:

You got some of the details wrong.  John Draper, who went by the alias
of "Captain Crunch", happens to have perfect pitch.  (He's not blind, so
that part of your story probably refers to someone else.)  He was already
aware of the 2600-Hz "remote disconnect" tone that was in use for long
distance calling: this tone was generated by your local CO equipment (and
certainly not by your phone itself) and served to notify the remote end of
a long distance call to release its connection.  What it *didn't* do was to
release the long distance line itself, which meant that after issuing this
tone you'd find yourself with a long distance line all your own, that the
billing computers believed you had released.  To do anything at all with
this new resource, you had to generate other tones.

As to the whistle itself, the way John explained it to me in 1986 was that
one actually had to cover up one of the two holes in the Captain Crunch
cereal whistle to generate the 2600-Hz tone, and that the only way he even
knew that was due to his perfect pitch combined with just playing around
with the whistle one morning -- and already knowing about the tones.

I never did any of this -- the closest I ever came was learning about
various "secret" phone numbers one could call for test tones, ringback,
and even an unlimited conference call bridge -- in 1973!!   But I did
get a chance to talk with some of the primary people, such as John Draper,
in the mid to late 80s.  He's a real weird cookie, by-the-way, and not
only because of the abuse he suffered while in jail.

--
  Robert Bickford          rab@well.com
  http://www.well.com/user/rab/
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 23:25:05 -0700
Reply-To: cpsr-history@Sunnyside.COM
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: Giles S Martin 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Vannevar Bush "As We May Think."
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Sender: Giles S Martin 
Subject: Re: Vannevar Bush "As We May Think."

Since the Library of Congress does not usually add death dates to
headings for authors, even for very well-known ones, the lack of a
death date is no evidence that a person is still alive.

However, in Vannevar Bush's case, LC now uses the heading "Bush,
Vannevar, 1890-1974", so Bush died only 22 years ago, and his works
won't be out of copyright yet.

Giles

          ####    ##       Giles Martin
       #######   ####      Quality Control Section
     #################     University of Newcastle Libraries
   ####################    New South Wales, Australia
   ###################*    E-mail: ulgsm@dewey.newcastle.edu.au
    #####      ## ###      Phone:   +61 49 215 828 (International)
                           Fax:     +61 49 215 833 (International)
                  ##
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 23:29:08 -0700
Reply-To: cpsr-history@Sunnyside.COM
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From: davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Cap'n Cruch's Home Page
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David Fiedler  sent me a pointer to Cap'n Crunch's
home page:

http://www.well.com/user/crunch/

A treasure-trove of stories, along with a photo which, I can attest, is
that of Cap'n Cruch (a.k.a John T. Draper, which may or may not be his real
name).

I sent a note to the Cap'n, asking him to send us a post.  Hopefully he will.

best,
db
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 23:06:05 -0700
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Subject: CM> Mailing lists & mail problem?
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Sender: nmk@mail.telepac.pt
Subject: Mailing lists & mail problem?

[~snip~]

Introduction & Question: I'm working (for my dissertation degree in
Sociology) on the dynamics of the mailing lists, and am particularly
interested in the communication and relationships process, so if you think
of interest to debate such a topic I'd like to know your opinions and
experiences about the possible categorization of mailing lists, in what
ways can we speek about community, and, in an historical perspective, what
were the first mailing lists like.

manuela

[Moderator: The "historical perspective" is a good subject.  Does anyone
know what was the first mailing list?  I hear it might have been SF-LOVERS
(science-fiction lovers) on ARPANET.  Is this true?  Did you participate?]
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 23:12:30 -0700
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From: ljk@vis.mu.OZ.AU (Les Kitchen)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art
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Sender: ljk@vis.mu.OZ.AU
Subject: Re: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art


> Sender: "christopher f. chiesa" 
> Subject: Re: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art
....
> However, now that I read that Prof. Rosenfeld had a scanner working as
> long ago :-) as 1964 (when I was one year old, heheh), it's no longer a
> mystery as to how scanned photos could have been printed as "early" as
> 1973!  In fact, since Star Trek was at the height of its prime-time run
> around 1966, it seems possible, perhaps even likely, that Prof. Rosenfeld
> or his students might even have made the original scans of the Kirk and
> Spock pictures!  Who knows?

This revived some memories.  I was a student in the Compter
Vision Lab at Maryland, 1977 to 1982.  Stuck up on one of the
walls was a polaroid of a maple leaf (I think) with the caption
"First scanner baby 1964".  (Might have said '65, but I'm pretty
sure it was '64.)  The scanner was an amazing home-brewed
device, put together by Andy Pilupchuk, the Lab's technical
wizard.  I think I have the spelling for his name right).  I
recall it actually had two functions, as an image scanner
(digitizer), and as a film recorder (you could output a digital
image on to polaroid film).  I don't remember it being used as a
digitizer in the time I was there (by then we had a stock of
images we used for most processing and a video camera connected
to the Grinnel digitizer/display).  But it was used all the time
for recording images on film -- our only way of getting good
hardcopy images.  Not only for publication, but almost any time
you wanted to show somebody an image, since the Lab at that time
had only one display screen you could look at (on the Grinnel),
and that at the time was a fairly recent acquisition in the Lab.

Making polaroids required setting a bunch of toggle switches on
the scanner, some to image sizes in binary (actually image width
minus two, as I recall), plus some other settings, like for
scaling and image sense, positive versus negative.  Learning how
to work it was one of the rites of passage for new students in
the Lab.  There were also settings I think for positioning the
image on the film, so you could make a collage of smaller images
on the same polaroid.  Images could go up to 512 by 512 (*maybe*
1024 by 1024, but I never used it), and the spatial scaling went
down by factors of two (so a 120 by 120 image would just use up
part of the 128 by 128 scaled film).  Input could be selected to
come from the Univac machine downstairs in the Computer Science
Center, or from the Lab's new PDP-11/45 running Unix.

I certainly remember seeing line-printer outputs of Star Trek
images around, but didn't particularly associate them with the
Lab's scanner.  Maybe they were produced in the Lab, but before
my time, or maybe they weren't.  Certainly for the upper
undergraduate Image Processing course I took (taught by
Rosenfeld) we did our image output on line printers, either with
32 well-chosen characters, or with overprinting.  The
overprinting looked better, but took longer.  And usually, for
debugging, a decimal printout of the pixel values was more
useful.  (Coding for the assignments was in Univac FORTRAN.)

What the character combinations were for the overprinting I
can't say.  I guess they might be buried away on some archive
tape which has long since lost its bits.  However it would have
been for the 6-bit Univac code (upper-case only, fewer special
symbols), not for ASCII.  (And on that line, it's no coincidence
that the scanner worked with 6-bit pixels, 0 to 63.  Also, in
those days, the pixel values were "gray levels", the bigger
numbers usually meant darker.  On account of this, some of the
standard images, like the "chromosome" image, which were
originally black chromosomes on a white background, mistakenly
came out reversed in some of the later publications, like as
white chromosomes on black background.)

You (Chris Chiesa) said you read about the CVL scanner.  Can I
ask where?  I know what happened there in my time, but the
history before then I only picked up in accidental snippets.  At
the time, it wasn't quite so historical...
                                                Les.

Les Kitchen, Senior Lecturer   
Computer Science Department                      ljk@cs.mu.oz.au
The University of Melbourne         phone: +61-3-9287-9101,-9104
Computer Vision & Machine Intelligence Lab  fax: +61-3-9348-1184
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
 Want to receive the day's postings bundled together into one message?
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 23:14:37 -0700
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From: dand@commons.ip.portal.com
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Interesting books.
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Hello David,

I'm a CPSR life member who received the announcement of
the Community Memory list serv...

I'm also Publisher of Peer-to-Peer Communications, a book
publisher that has a computer history series that might be
of interest to your group.

[~snip~]

===========================================================

  Dan Doernberg, Peer-to-Peer Communications, Inc.
  dand@commons.ip.portal.com   http://www.peer-to-peer.com
  Phone: 804/975-0780          Fax: 804/975-0790

  Unique technical books for the computer industry
===========================================================




Before the Internet Volume 1: Planning the ARPANET
Peter Salus (ed.)
ISBN# 1-57398-008-0
September
Hardcover
224 pages
$39.95v US / $55.95 Canada

* Foreword by Robert Taylor, former head of ARPA IPTO,
Xerox PARC, and DEC's Systems Research Center (Palo Alto)

In 1966 IBM mainframes could only connect to other IBM
mainframes, General Electric machines to General Electric
machines, etc. The US Defense Department, through its ARPA
office, wanted a "heterogeneous" network that could
connect IBM, GE, and all other brands of machines
together.

Robert Taylor initiated the research effort to build such
a network, work that led directly to today's Internet.
Included in this volume:

*  the December 1967 Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
feasibility study by Elmer Shapiro which modeled a
heterogeneous network. Shapiro's conclusion--- it could be
built.  The SRI study, reprinted here for the first time,
became the blueprint for the ARPANET, the Internet's
predecessor (the construction of the ARPANET is described
in Volume 2 below).

*  the classic 1968 paper "The Computer as a Communication
Device'' (J.C.R. Licklider and Robert Taylor)

*  RFCs #1 through #10 (never before available in print or
online)

* Retrospective essays by Robert Taylor, Steve Crocker
(Senior VP of CyberCash and author of RFC #1), an
interview with Elmer Shapiro, and an introduction by
series editor Peter Salus.


Peter H. Salus has served as Executive Director of Usenix
and The Sun User Group. He has been Managing Editor of the
journal "Computing Systems" since 1987 and advises
Peer-to-Peer on books for the "Computer Classics
Revisited" series.  He is the author of several histories,
including "Casting the Net: From ARPANET to Internet and
Beyond" (Addison-Wesley, 1995).


----------------

Before the Internet Volume 2:  Building the ARPANET
Bolt Beranek & Newman
ISBN# 1-57398-014-5
October
Hardcover
225 pages
$39.95v US / $55.95 Canada

In December 1968 the US Defense Department, based on the
optimistic feasibility study completed by SRI (see Volume
1 above!), awarded a contract to Bolt Beranek & Newman
(BBN) to build the ARPANET, the first-ever heterogeneous
network.

Phase 1 of the ARPANET was extremely modest--- the network
that has evolved into the 50-million machine Internet
began with only four sites (UCLA, SRI, UC Santa Barbara,
The University of Utah).

Here, for the first time in print, are the four 1969 BBN
technical reports that describe the year-long construction
and development of the ARPANET, from project commencement
to the connection of the first imp processor.

This volume also includes a retrospective essay by Dave
Walden, ARPANET team member and former VP of BBN, plus an
introduction by computer historian/series editor Peter
Salus.


Bolt Beranek & Newman is a long-time computer industry
consulting and systems integration firm based in
Cambridge, Massachusetts.


-----------------------------

Packet Communication (Before the Internet Volume 3)
Bob Metcalfe
Hardback
ISBN 1-57398-033-1
224 pages
7" x 9"
$39.95 US / $55.95 Canada
March (original 1973)

        *  First work of a legendary computer
industry figure
        *  Foreword by Vint Cerf ("Father of the
Internet")
        *  Exclusive retrospective chapter plus
historical materials


Bob Metcalfe's groundbreaking Harvard Ph.D.
dissertation "Packet Communication" led directly
to his invention of Ethernet and contributed
significantly to the TCP/IP protocol suite
developed by Vint Cerf and others (including Metcalfe).

Metcalfe's contributions to the development of
wide area networks (especially the Internet!) have
until now been overshadowed by his application of
these ideas to local area networks;  Metcalfe is
most famous as the developer of Ethernet, still
the most widely used LAN technology after 20 years!

Metcalfe's dissertation remains a penetrating
mathematical exposition of the fundamental
packet switching techniques employed by both
TCP/IP and Ethernet.  Hard-core techies
interested in either technology, as well as
computer/EE history buffs, will find this material
fascinating.

In addition to the dissertation and two related
technical papers, this volume also contains a
special retrospective chapter by Metcalfe on the
dissertation, its influence on the Internet, and the
birth of Ethernet.


Bob Metcalfe (Boston, MA) invented Ethernet at
Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center in 1973.  In
1979, he founded 3Com Corporation, the
Ethernet-based Fortune-500 computer networking
company from which he retired in 1990.  He is
currently Vice President of Technology for
International Data Group, parent company of IDG
Books, InfoWorld Publishing, and other leading
computer industry publications.  Bob writes a
weekly column in "InfoWorld" about developments
along the Information Superhighway.

----

Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code
John Lions
ISBN# 1-57398-013-7
July
Hardcover
264 pages
$29.95v US / $55.95 Canada


*  The most famous suppressed book in computer history---
finally in print!
*  Foreword by Dennis Ritchie, inventor of the C language

For the past 20 years, UNIX insiders have cherished and
zealously guarded pirated photocopies of this manuscript,
a "hacker trophy" of sorts:

Lions Book /n./ ---- The two parts of this book contained
(1) the entire source listing of the UNIX Version 6
kernel, and (2) a commentary on the source discussing the
algorithms.  These were circulated internally at the
University of New Sourth Wales beginning 1976-77, and
were, for years after, the *only* detailed kernel
documentation available to anyone outside Bell Labs.
Because Western Electric wished to maintain trade secret
status on the kernel, the Lions book was never formally
published and was only supposed to be distributed to
affiliates of source licensees...In spite of this, it soon
spread by *samizdat* to a good many of the early UNIX
hackers.

         --- New Hacker's Dictionary 2/e, Eric S. Raymond,
MIT Press, 1993

The entire UNIX community is thrilled that legal (and
legible!!) copies will now be available.  An international
"who's who" of UNIX wizards, including Dennis Ritchie,
have contributed essays extolling the merits and
importance of this underground classic.

Besides being as "chic" as computer books get, Lions' book
is of tremendous technical interest.  Written in 1977, it
gives the complete source code to one of the earliest
versions of the UNIX operating system, a treasure in
itself!  It also provides a brilliant commentary on the
software's inner workings.


John Lions was a Lecturer in Computer Science when an
early version of UNIX arrived at the University of New
South Wales in 1974.  He wrote his commentary as an
Operating Systems text for his students in 1977 but was
never permitted to have it published commercially. He is
now retired and residing in New South Wales, Australia.
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:08:33 -0700
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Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
Sender: listserv-reply-errors@Sunnyside.COM
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From: ljk@vis.mu.OZ.AU
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Earliest transistorized computer
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Sender: ljk@vis.mu.OZ.AU
Subject: Re: CM> Earliest transistorized computer



>
> Sender: Les Earnest 
> Subject: Earliest transistorized computer
>
> Herb Kanner writes that at the University of Chicago in 1958:
>    The Institute was building a transistorized computer (one of the first, if
>    not THE first) on an Atomic Energy Commission contract.
>
> I recall seeing a Bell Labs transistorized computer at the Eastern
> Joint Computer Conference in Philadelphia in 1954, which I suspect was
> the earliest.

A book I have claims that the first transistorized computer, the
MEG, was completed in 1956 by the Manchester group.  Les Earnest
may well be right in his recollection about the priority of Bell
Labs (it would make sense after all).  However the writer of
that chapter, Trevor Pearcey, was one of the designers of CSIRAC
(aka CSIR Mark I) in the late 40s, so his claim would carry some
weight.  Another transistorized machine, the Automatic Digital
Analyser (ADA) was started in Sydney in 1955 (completed in '58)
by the Section of Mathematical Instruments.  And apparently, the
commerically produced Philco S-2000 came out in 1957.  So the
University of Chicago machine would have been early days, but
not the earliest.

The book is Computing in Australia: The Development of a
Profession, edited by J.M. Bennett, et. al., Hale & Iremonger,
Sydney/Australian Computer Society, 1994. (See Chapter 3, pp.36-37)

(John Bennett, by the way, worked on the EDSAC.)

I may say a bit more about CSIRAC in a future post...

> machines in between.  TX-0 was a 16 bit machine and originally had
> just four instructions: Add, Store, Unconditional jump and "Operate."
....
> from those projects as a basis for founding Digital Equipment Corp.,
> whose first computer (PDP-1) resembled TX-0 and whose later PDP-6 and
....

And the good old PDP-8 would have been a direct descendant of
the PDP-1.  My recollection was that their instruction sets
("order codes") were virtually identical.  I think the PDP-1
didn't actually have a program counter register, but used memory
word zero for this purpose.  So an early part of the instruction
cycle cleared the MA register, to get a zero address, and so the
instruction fetch was more-or-less an indirect fetch through
memory word zero (with an increment somewhere along the line).
But my knowledge of the PDP-1 is second-hand.  Anybody out there
with first-hand knowledge?



                                                Les.


Les Kitchen, Senior Lecturer   
Computer Science Department                      ljk@cs.mu.oz.au
The University of Melbourne         phone: +61-3-9287-9101,-9104
Computer Vision & Machine Intelligence Lab  fax: +61-3-9348-1184
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:16:46 -0700
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Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
Sender: listserv-reply-errors@Sunnyside.COM
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From: darrahs@bucks.edu (SUSAN DARRAH)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Mailing lists.
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Sender: darrahs@bucks.edu (SUSAN DARRAH)
Subject: Re: CM> Mailing lists & mail problem?


According to Bruce Sterling in "A Brief History of the Internet"
(available online @ http://www.vir.com/Demo/SterlingBrief.html)
it wasn't long after the first uses of email (c.1970) before the
invention of the mailing list, and again according to Sterling
the first "really big" list was SF-LOVERS for science fiction
fans, a use of the ARPANET which did not exactly essential for
national security.  I wonder when programs that make list
manage easier (LISTSERV, etc) became widely available?  BTW,
the discussions on *this* list are wonderful, although I have
admit I don't understand much of what's being said.  But I'll
continue to read in the hopes of figuring some of it out -- thanks
listmembers.  Susan Darrah
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:25:03 -0700
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From: "Richard J. Smith" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Mailing lists: PACS-L
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Sender: "Richard J. Smith" 
Subject: Re: CM> Mailing lists & mail problem?


You may want to look into a longevity study of a specific listserv. A good
on might be PACS-L the Public-Access Computer Systems Forum
. It was started around the Spring of 1990 or 1991
and became very popular with computer, library and information science
specialist dealing with automation and networking.  The nice thing about
this list is that its beginnings were documented in the journals (I think
in _ONLINE_ by its creator Charles Bailey), and it is archived on-line.

The archival records are from its inception to the present, That is, the
first few messages are erratic statements by its creator testing if it
works, its change from an unmoderated list to a moderated list, and
includes numerous statements of philosophy that show its change in purpose
over the years.

A class of mine from the University of Iowa, in the summer of 1995, did a
preliminary study of the List's contents. It was very primitive. It still
may be worth studying. (Check with your committee!)

The archives of the list is at the Coalition for Network Information.
Somewhere at cni.org. I'm sure Craig A Summerhill  could
give more information or get in touch with me if interested.

Rich Smith

Richard J. Smith, Ph.D.
rjs@intersurf.com
(504) 926-7069
http://www.intersurf.com/~rjs/
Co-author of Navigating the Internet

On Wed, 26 Jun 1996 nmk@mail.telepac.pt wrote:

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
 Want to receive the day's postings bundled together into one message?
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:29:32 -0700
Reply-To: cpsr-history@Sunnyside.COM
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
Sender: listserv-reply-errors@Sunnyside.COM
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From: Richard Brodie 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Mailing lists: SF-LOVERS.
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Sender: Richard Brodie 
Subject: RE: CM> Mailing lists & mail problem?

I started the SF-LOVERS mailing list in September 1979 by telneting from
my Alto at Xerox my first week on the job. It started as a public list
on the MIT-ITS systems, which were open systems that anyone could create
an account on (and play Zork!). ITS of course stood for Incompatible
Time Sharing. Boy, was that a hideous user interface! As I remember, you
logged off by typing U. And there was a common command, I
forget what it did even, but you invoked it by entering Esc, Ctrl-X, and
the period key. Yuck!

In those days, you created a mailing list by editing a LISP file (I
unfortunately forget its name--anyone remember?) containing a list name
and a list of recipients. Then anyone could send mail to
SF-LOVERS@MIT-DMS and the system would forward it to everyone on the
list, just like today! I posted a system message announcing the
existence of the list and it quickly grew out of control.

I believe it was the release of a movie, either the first Star Trek or
Superman, that made the list volume swell to the point where the
sysadmins noticed. There was some discussion of the appropriateness of a
non-work-related list, but it remained although it converted to
digest-only form.

Richard Brodie  RBrodie@brodietech.com  +1.206.688.8600
CEO, Brodie Technology Group, Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA
http://members.gnn.com/rbrodie
Do you know what a "meme" is?  http://members.gnn.com/rbrodie/votm.htm

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
 Want to receive the day's postings bundled together into one message?
 It's easy.  Send a note to listserv@cpsr.org that reads:
                       SET CPSR-HISTORY MAIL DIGEST
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:34:14 -0700
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Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
Sender: listserv-reply-errors@Sunnyside.COM
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To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Mailing lists.
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Sender: Les Earnest 
Subject: CM> Mailing lists & mail problem?

The moderator asks:
   Does anyone know what was the first mailing list?  I hear it might have
   been SF-LOVERS (science-fiction lovers) on ARPANET.  Is this true?
   Did you participate?]

I'm not sure what was the first ARPAnet email list.  I recall that the
first one I subscribed to, sometime in the early 1970s, was
Human-nets, the central theme of which was the interaction of
technology and sociology brought about by networking.  It was quite a
good discussion for a number of years, with a much higher signal/noise
ratio than can be found on any Usenet newsgroup today.  Human-nets
eventually became a Usenet newsgroup, then died.

Before ARPAnet discussion groups there were local email discussion
groups and before that there were local electronic bulletin boards
that were simply an extension of physical bulletin boards.  For
example, like many academic groups we began having bulletin board
"wars" on both technical and political topics at the Stanford
Artificial Intelligence Lab as soon as it was formed in 1966. Someone
would tack up a statement and others would comment in the margins.
When there was no space left they would add sheets of paper for
counter-arguments.

Those discussions became much easier as soon as we created an
electronic bulletin board, called "bboard," around 1968.  Our bboard
was later picked up by a number of other computers on the Stanford
campus, which broadened the discussion, and was eventually ported to
Usenet, then subdivided, becoming the su.* domain.

        -Les Earnest
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
 Want to receive the day's postings bundled together into one message?
 It's easy.  Send a note to listserv@cpsr.org that reads:
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:38:26 -0700
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Sender: listserv-reply-errors@Sunnyside.COM
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From: "Blair Anderson" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Grace Hopper's Microsecond.
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Sender: "Blair Anderson" 
Subject: Re: CM> Grace Hopper's Microsecond.

On Mon, 17 Jun 1996 17:27:27 -0700, David S. Bennahum wrote:

>Presumably this was a nanosecond, not a microsecond; the speed of light
>is 3 x 10^8 m/sec, or .3 m (about 11.8 inches) in a nanosecond.
>A microsecond worth of wire would be almost a thousand feet long!

Which brings us to the logical extension... how big is a bit!

With propogation delay in CMOS circuitry a bit state moves at about 1/3rd
the speed of light. Lets say, 80ns ram chip, as a benchmark (faster
ram=smaller bits)...   and a "bit" is   (.3m x 80ns) x (3/1) prop/delay  or
about 72 metres long.

If this message is about 500 bytes, at 8 bits/byte (FTSOA - redundant bits
are tossed to the four winds)... then this message is a tad short of 300
kilometers long.

I am behoven to suggest that on this scale, intellectual content per
kilometer is not equateable to I/Q, purely on account that different
processor types are unfairly represented.

There may well be a case for the Macintosh yet!

Cheers,

Blair Anderson  (Blair_Anderson@ibm.net)
International Consultant in Electronic Commerce, Encryption and Electronic
Rights Management
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:40:50 -0700
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From: noah@pathfinder.com (Noah Robischon)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> First What's New Page
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Sender: noah@pathfinder.com (Noah Robischon)
Subject: Re: CM> First What's New Page

Does anyone know who had the first What's New and What's Cool page?

NCSA's is the first that I know of  . . . any other ideas?

Noah

Noah Robischon
The Netly News
http://netlynews.com
212.522.5876
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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From: "christopher f. chiesa" 
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Subject: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art
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Sender: "christopher f. chiesa" 
Subject: Re: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art



On Wed, 26 Jun 1996, Les Kitchen wrote:

> > Sender: "christopher f. chiesa" 
> > Subject: Re: CM> ASCII "Graphics" -- character art
> ....
> > However, now that I read that Prof. Rosenfeld had a scanner working as
> > long ago :-) as 1964 ...
>
> This revived some memories.  I was a student in the Compter
> Vision Lab at Maryland, 1977 to 1982.  ... The scanner was an amazing
> home-brewed device, ... I recall it actually had two functions, as an
> image scanner (digitizer), and as a film recorder (you could output a
> digital image on to polaroid film).

Now THAT is IMPRESSIVE.  I'm the primary Software Engineer for the maker
of the world's best (if we do say so ourselves ;-) ) Digital Image
Recorder (if you know the industry, my username is a dead giveaway as to
WHICH recorder I'm referring), whose function is essentially the same as
your Lab's "amazing home-brewed device" though, I trust, a good deal more
sophisticated.  It is, if anything, even MORE amazing to me to find that a
FILM RECORDER was constructed in those "ancient times" :-) than to
discover that a SCANNER had existed!  Wonders will never cease!

> What the character combinations were for the overprinting I
> can't say.  I guess they might be buried away on some archive
> tape which has long since lost its bits.  However it would have
> been for the 6-bit Univac code (upper-case only, fewer special
> symbols), not for ASCII.

The specific coding shouldn't matter so much, if it could be
determined which printable glyphs (characters, symbols, ...) were
output by which 6-bit Univac codes...

> (And on that line, it's no coincidence
> that the scanner worked with 6-bit pixels, 0 to 63.

See also Digital Equipment Corporation's "sixel" graphics format.

> Also, in
> those days, the pixel values were "gray levels", the bigger
> numbers usually meant darker.  On account of this, some of the
> standard images, like the "chromosome" image, which were
> originally black chromosomes on a white background, mistakenly
> came out reversed in some of the later publications, like as
> white chromosomes on black background.)

This is STILL a hairy issue, believe it or not.  RGB vs CMY "color space"
is a constant irritation to us and our customers, because one half of the
industry "came up through PCs" and expects "higher value =
lighter/brighter --> white," and the other half "came up through
litho/offset printing" and expects "higher value = more ink/darker -->
black."  So we always have to be certain which colorspace we're talking
about "up front."  Fortunately it's pretty easy to go from one to the
other; you can usually just "invert" the pixel-value range...

> You (Chris Chiesa) said you read about the CVL scanner. Can I
> ask where?

Sure, Les.  I read about it RIGHT HERE on this very list, in a post made
by Ed Barkmeyer on 19 Jun.  I've got a copy in my archive at the moment,
if you'd like one.  Offer good while supplies last, i.e. until I download
the archive to offline storage! :-)  Oh, and I don't know where/how Ed
came by his knowledge.
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Sat, 29 Jun 1996 23:10:22 -0700
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From: R.Hirschfeld@cwi.nl
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Mailing Lists: ITS
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Sender: R.Hirschfeld@cwi.nl
Subject: ITS

> Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 23:27:16 -0700
> From: Richard Brodie 
>
> I started the SF-LOVERS mailing list in September 1979 by telneting from
> my Alto at Xerox my first week on the job. It started as a public list
> on the MIT-ITS systems, which were open systems that anyone could create
> an account on (and play Zork!). ITS of course stood for Incompatible
> Time Sharing. Boy, was that a hideous user interface! As I remember, you
> logged off by typing U. And there was a common command, I
> forget what it did even, but you invoked it by entering Esc, Ctrl-X, and
> the period key. Yuck!

The interface seemed hideous to some because the shell was a debugger
(DDT).  In DDT you had to be careful what you typed, as a few
keystrokes could wreak a lot of havoc.  Other programs could be used
as shells, including EMACS or anything you wrote yourself.  Somebody
(I forget who) even hacked up a rudimentary CSH.

ITS, despite obvious limitations, contains features that remain
unparalled.  It represents a side branch in the development of
operating systems that engendered a small but dedicated following.  I
was not one of the developers, but I came to appreciate many of the
system's unique characteristics.  ITS still runs today thanks largely
to the efforts of Alan Bawden and aficionados around the world.

ITS was mostly phased out at MIT in the mid-80s, replaced first by
twenex and later by unix (to which there was considerable resistance).
The last mainframe running ITS at MIT was officially shut down in May
1990, although an ITS machine limped along for some time afterwards.
A year later, in May 1991, Les Earnest announced that Stanford's SAIL
computer, which ran WAITS (said by some to stand for "Winning
Alternative to ITS") would be shut down on June 7, and on that date an
MIT ITS machine was fired up to send a farewell message.  I happened
to save the message, and I've attached a copy in case it's of
historical interest to anyone.

Ray Hirschfeld
ray@cwi.nl

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Return-Path: 
Date: 7 Jun 91 14:30:00 EDT
From: The Friends of ITS 
To: Everyone@sail.stanford.edu
Reply-To: Farewell-to-SAIL@mc.lcs.mit.edu
Subject: Should auld acquaintance be forgot

When you decommission a Unix machine you generally just throw the old
hardware in the dumpster, but a PDP-10 is a machine you can form an
emotional attachment to....

The MIT ITS community deeply regrets to learn of the passing of the
venerable SAIL computer.  For years, ITS has been proud to join WAITS in
providing cutting edge environments for our user communities.  We've
enjoyed working with you in testing Arpanet capacity by inventing mailing
lists and otherwise creating tools to make electronic collaboration not
merely possible but commonplace.  It has been an honor to have SAIL as a
friendly rival.

The last ITS machine at MIT currently lives in semi-retirement in our
machine room, rarely even seeking its disk heads, but in order to
demonstrate our respect for SAIL and WAITS, we have fired up COMSAT, our
mailer, one last time in order to deliver this final salute.

[~snip~]
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
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